Key Educational Psychologistsप्रमुख शैक्षिक मनोवैज्ञानिक और उनके सिद्धांत
Understanding the contributions of key educational psychologists is essential for CTET aspirants and teachers. These theories form the foundation of Child Development and Pedagogy (CDP), a crucial part of the CTET syllabus.
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Below is a concise table summarizing the most important psychologists and their theories, along with key ideas in Hindi and English for easy reference.
| S.No. | Psychologist | Theory/Concept | Key Ideas (Important Terms in Hindi) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jean Piaget | Cognitive Development Theory | Four stages: Sensorimotor (संवेदन-प्रक्रियात्मक), Preoperational (पूर्व-संक्रियात्मक), Concrete Operational (ठोस संक्रियात्मक), Formal Operational (औपचारिक संक्रियात्मक). Active knowledge construction (सक्रिय ज्ञान निर्माण). |
| 2 | Lev Vygotsky | Social Development Theory / ZPD | Learning through social interaction (सामाजिक संपर्क); Zone of Proximal Development (निकटस्थ विकास का क्षेत्र). |
| 3 | B.F. Skinner | Operant Conditioning | Learning influenced by rewards (इनाम) and punishments (दंड). Positive reinforcement (सकारात्मक पुनर्बलन). |
| 4 | John Dewey | Learning by Doing | Experiential learning (अनुभवात्मक अधिगम); learning through doing and reflecting (विचार). |
| 5 | Albert Bandura | Social Learning Theory | Learning by observing others (अन्य लोगों का अवलोकन) and modeling behavior (व्यवहार को मॉडल करना). Key components: attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. |
| 6 | Jerome Bruner | Discovery Learning / Constructivism | Scaffolding (सहारा देना); active construction of knowledge based on prior experience (पूर्व ज्ञान). |
| 7 | Edward Thorndike | Trial and Error / Connectionism | Learning through trial and error; successful responses (सफल प्रतिक्रियाएँ) are repeated. Law of Effect (प्रभाव का नियम). |
| 8 | Howard Gardner | Multiple Intelligences Theory | Multiple types of intelligence (अलग-अलग प्रकार की बुद्धि): linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, etc. |
| 9 | Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Development Theory | Social and emotional development stages (सामाजिक और भावनात्मक विकास); challenges like trust vs. mistrust. |
| 10 | Lawrence Kohlberg | Moral Development Theory | Stages of moral development (नैतिक विकास); levels: pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional. |
| 11 | Abraham Maslow | Hierarchy of Needs | Pyramid of human needs (मानव आवश्यकताओं का पदानुक्रम) leading to self-actualization (स्व-प्राप्ति). |
| 12 | Maria Montessori | Montessori Method / Self-Directed Learning | Child-centered learning (बाल-केंद्रित अधिगम); students learn at own pace (स्वयं की गति). |
| 13 | Louis Thurstone | Multiple Factor Theory | Intelligence consists of several factors (कई कारक): verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations. |
| 14 | Robert Gagné | Conditions of Learning | Hierarchy of learning (अधिगम का पदानुक्रम) and nine events of instruction (निर्देश की नौ घटनाएँ). |
| 15 | Benjamin Bloom | Bloom’s Taxonomy | Classification of cognitive skills (संज्ञानात्मक कौशल): knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation. |
| 16 | Hermann Ebbinghaus | Forgetting Curve / Spacing Effect | Memory retention decreases over time (समय के साथ स्मृति प्रतिधारण घटता है), improved with spaced repetition (अंतराल के साथ पुनरावृत्ति). |
| 17 | Noam Chomsky | Universal Grammar Theory | Innate ability to learn language (भाषा सीखने की जन्मजात क्षमता); Language Acquisition Device (भाषा अधिग्रहण यंत्र). |
| 18 | Stephen Krashen | Second Language Acquisition Theory | Five hypotheses on language learning (भाषा अधिग्रहण के पांच सिद्धांत); emphasis on comprehensible input (समझ में आने योग्य इनपुट). |
Why These Theories Matter for CTET Aspirants
CTET exams rigorously test candidates on Child Development and Pedagogy. Knowing these psychologists and their theories is not only important for answering MCQs but also for applying pedagogical concepts in classrooms.
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Outbound Links (Authoritative Sources)
- Jean Piaget’s Theory – Simply Psychology: Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
- Lev Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory – Verywell Mind: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
- B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning – Britannica: B.F. Skinner
- Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences – Harvard Graduate School of Education: Howard Gardner
- Bloom’s Taxonomy – Bloom’s Taxonomy Official Site
- Noam Chomsky’s Universal Grammar – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Noam Chomsky